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Vyvamind vs Adderall: Which Is Right For you?

Vyvamind vs Adderall Evidence

26th January 2024

Introduction - Choosing The Right Brain Supplement

Welcome to our comparison review of Vyvamind vs Adderall. The demands of modern life, like too much information, tough work, and school pressures, can be overwhelming. This is where brain supplements and nootropics come into play – they are substances meant to make our brains work better. Two nootropics that many people are talking about are Vyvamind and Adderall.

Vyvamind has a mix of ingredients like L-Tyrosine, Citicoline, L-Theanine, Caffeine, Vitamin B6, and Vitamin B12. Each of these ingredients helps in different ways. For example, L-Tyrosine helps with making brain messengers, Citicoline keeps our brain cells strong, L-Theanine helps us stay calm without making us tired, and Caffeine gives us a boost of energy. Vitamins B6 and B12 are good for our overall brain health.

Adderall contains just four active ingredients – dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine aspartate, dextroamphetamine sulfate, and amphetamine sulfate. It's usually used to treat conditions like ADHD and narcolepsy, but some people use it to boost their brainpower. It's a prescription only option, so isn't right for most people. It also carries a risk of addiction.

Overall Results And Recommendation

Vyvamind

78%
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Overall Rating

Vyvamind vs Adderall comparison

Adderall

45%
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Vyvamind vs Adderall Reviews
  • Vyvamind provided some cognitive benefits: Vyvamind is a good product for anyone looking for just a mild cognitive boost, but the cognitive improvements we experienced were relatively modest compared to the best nootropic supplement we've tested. 
  • Adderall proved effective for addressing specific medical conditions like ADHD but carries a risk of dependency and side effects: Adderall is only suitable for those with a genuine medical need and a prescription. Our score reflects this major limitation and the significant risks associated with its use.
  • Recommended Alternative: Unlike Vyvamind and Adderall, NooCube is both safe and uses a much more comprehensive and evidence-backed blend of natural nootropic ingredients. 

NooCube

92%
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Overall Rating

Adderall vs Vyvamind

Quick Decision Guide - Vyvamind vs Adderall vs Leading Nootropic (NooCube)

CRITERIA

Vyvamind

Vyvamind vs Adderall comparison

adderall

Vyvamind vs Adderall Reviews

NooCube

Adderall vs Vyvamind

Overall Rating (From Our Experience Using Each Product)

78%
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45%
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92%
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Main Benefits

Positioned as a nootropic designed for focus and clarity

Prescription medication to treat severe ADHD and narcolepsy

Comprehensive cognitive improvement with a multi-ingredient blend

Scientific Backing

Strong

Strong

Strong, with many well-researched ingredients

Formula Complexity

Comprehensive

Pharmaceutical

Comprehensive

Brand Reputation Concerns

Minimal

Some legal controversies

Minimal to none

Cost

Premium

Prescription

Premium

Commitment Time for Results

Weeks to months

Weeks to months

Weeks, consistent use recommended

User Feedback

Some positive citing modest improvements

Mixed, with some users citing minimal effects

Predominantly positive

Ingredients' Transparency

Fully disclosed

Mostly disclosed but with opaque proprietary ingredient (Apoaequorin)

Fully disclosed

Dosage Convenience

2 capsules daily

Varies

3 capsules daily

Servings Per Container

30

Varies

30

Potential Side Effects

Low risk

Medium to high risk

Low risk

Customer Support & Return Policy

Good, 30 day money back guarantee

Not applicable

Excellent with money-back guarantee

Product Availability

Available through official site only

Widely available but some regional restrictions

Available through official site only

Additional Benefits

None

None

Boosts neurotransmitters, enhanced neuroprotection

Pricing

N/A


What are Nootropics?

Nootropics, often referred to as "smart drugs" or "cognitive enhancers," are substances that have gained popularity due to the escalating demands of modern life [1]. Nootropics encompass a diverse array of compounds, both natural and synthetic, that are consumed to enhance cognitive functions such as memory, concentration, creativity, and alertness. The term "nootropic" was coined by Dr. Corneliu Giurgea in the 1970s, who defined them as substances that should have the following characteristics:

  1. Enhancement of Memory: Nootropics are expected to improve memory and learning abilities.
  2. Neuroprotection: They should protect the brain from injury and damage.
  3. Enhanced Cognitive Function: Nootropics should enhance various aspects of cognitive function without significant side effects [2].

Today, nootropics have evolved beyond Dr. Giurgea's original definition. They include natural compounds like caffeine, as well as synthetic drugs like Adderall, which, as mentioned earlier, contains dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine aspartate, dextroamphetamine sulfate, and amphetamine sulfate. Vyvamind, on the other hand, combines ingredients such as L-Tyrosine, Citicoline, L-Theanine, Caffeine, Vitamin B6, and Vitamin B12 to target cognitive enhancement [3].

Modern-Day Cognitive Challenges

Our fast-paced world presents unique cognitive challenges. Information overload, demanding work schedules, academic pressures, and the need for constant multitasking have become the norm. As a result, individuals often seek ways to optimize their cognitive abilities to meet these challenges head-on.

Nootropics have garnered attention as potential tools to help address these issues. People are looking for ways to stay focused, improve memory retention, and enhance productivity without resorting to harmful or illegal substances. Nootropics offer a potential solution, but it's crucial to understand their mechanisms of action, potential benefits, and risks.

Comparing Vyvamind vs Adderall

Vyvamind: Natural Safe Ingredients And Available Over-the-Counter

Vyvamind uses a blend of natural ingredients, all of which are widely used in nootropic supplements.

Vyvamind Ingredients and How They Work

L-Tyrosine (300 mg), Citicoline (200 mg), L-Theanine (150 mg), Caffeine (75 mg), Vitamin B6 (2.5 mg), Vitamin B12 (50 mcg)

Here's how they contribute to cognitive enhancement:

L-Tyrosine (300 mg): This amino acid serves as a precursor for neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine. By supporting the production of these chemicals, L-Tyrosine can potentially enhance mood and cognitive performance [4].

Citicoline (200 mg): Citicoline is a vital component for brain health as it aids in maintaining the structural integrity of brain cell membranes. This ingredient may contribute to improved focus and cognitive function [5].

L-Theanine (150 mg): Found in tea leaves, L-Theanine is known for its calming effects without inducing drowsiness. When combined with caffeine, it can foster a state of alertness and relaxation, which may promote better concentration [6].

Caffeine (75 mg): Caffeine is a well-known stimulant that can increase alertness and reduce the perception of effort during cognitive tasks. When used in moderation, it can be a valuable addition to cognitive enhancement [7].

Vitamin B6 (2.5 mg) and Vitamin B12 (50 mcg): These B vitamins are essential for various brain functions, including neurotransmitter synthesis and overall cognitive health [8].

Vyvamind Pros and Cons

Pros:

  1. Natural Ingredients: Vyvamind contains natural components like L-Tyrosine, Citicoline, L-Theanine, and vitamins B6 and B12, making it an appealing option for those seeking a more natural approach to cognitive enhancement.
  2. Balanced Stimulation: The combination of L-Theanine and caffeine provides a balanced boost in cognitive performance, promoting alertness without excessive jitters associated with high caffeine intake.

Cons:

  1. Varied Response: Individual responses to Vyvamind may vary, with some users finding it less potent than prescription options.
  2. Caffeine Sensitivity: The caffeine content in Vyvamind may not be suitable for individuals who are sensitive to stimulants or prefer caffeine-free alternatives.

Adderall: Prescription Drug With Additional Risks

It's essential to understand that Adderall is not a nootropic but a prescription medication, primarily used to treat conditions like Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. While it can provide cognitive benefits for those with these conditions, its use as a cognitive enhancer among the general population has raised concerns.

Adderall Ingredients and How They Work

Dextroamphetamine Saccharate, Amphetamine Aspartate, Dextroamphetamine Sulfate, Amphetamine Sulfate

Adderall contains four active ingredients: dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine aspartate, dextroamphetamine sulfate, and amphetamine sulfate [9]. These ingredients belong to a class of drugs known as amphetamines. Amphetamines work by increasing the levels of certain neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and norepinephrine, in the brain. This heightened neurotransmitter activity can lead to increased alertness, improved focus, and enhanced cognitive performance.

Adderall has proven efficacy in treating specific medical conditions, but its use as a cognitive enhancer for those without these conditions comes with significant risks and ethical considerations. Individuals should approach its use with caution and under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Adderall Pros And Cons

Pros:

  1. Proven Efficacy: Adderall has a well-documented track record in the treatment of ADHD and narcolepsy, where it has demonstrated its ability to improve focus and reduce impulsivity and hyperactivity.
  2. Enhanced Cognitive Function: Some individuals without ADHD have reported short-term cognitive enhancement when using Adderall, experiencing increased alertness and concentration.

Cons:

  1. Prescription Requirement: Adderall is a prescription-only medication, limiting access to those with a legitimate medical need. Obtaining it without a prescription is illegal and potentially dangerous.
  2. Potential for Abuse: Adderall has a high potential for misuse and addiction due to its stimulant properties. Misuse can lead to serious health risks, including cardiovascular problems and psychological dependence.
  3. Side Effects: Like any medication, Adderall carries the risk of side effects, including insomnia, appetite suppression, and increased heart rate. These side effects can impact an individual's overall well-being.
  4. Legal and Ethical Concerns: Using Adderall without a prescription raises legal and ethical questions, as it may involve obtaining and using a controlled substance unlawfully.

Our Experiences With Vyvamind vs Adderall

Our Experience with Vyvamind

Upon starting our Vyvamind regimen, we were intrigued by the combination of natural ingredients it offered. We carefully monitored our experiences over a period of several weeks, looking for any notable changes in cognitive function.

L-Tyrosine, one of Vyvamind's primary ingredients, has been associated with neurotransmitter synthesis [10]. Our experience with L-Tyrosine was characterized by a subtle but noticeable improvement in mood and mental clarity.

Citicoline, another key component, plays a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity of brain cell membranes [11]. While its effects were less immediately discernible, over time, we noted enhanced focus and cognitive stability.

L-Theanine, often found in tea leaves, provided a calming influence, mitigating the potential jitters associated with the caffeine component of Vyvamind [12]. This combination fostered a sense of alertness without restlessness.

Caffeine, a familiar stimulant, contributed to increased wakefulness and attention, although its effects were in tandem with L-Theanine's calming influence, resulting in a more balanced state of alertness [13].

Vitamin B6 and Vitamin B12, both essential for various brain functions, may have contributed to overall cognitive well-being, although their specific effects were challenging to isolate [14].

While our experience with Vyvamind was positive, we couldn't help but compare it to more comprehensively formulated nootropics like NooCube, which we had previously explored. NooCube offers a broader spectrum of cognitive-enhancing ingredients, including Alpha GPC, Huperzine-A, and Bacopa Monnieri, among others.

The contrast between Vyvamind and NooCube was evident in the depth and range of cognitive improvements. Vyvamind provided a moderate boost in cognitive performance, with distinct enhancements in mood, focus, and alertness. However, these improvements were notably less pronounced when compared to the multifaceted effects of NooCube, which encompassed enhanced memory, information processing, and problem-solving abilities.

Vyvamind vs Adderall Testing

Our Experience With Adderall

One of our team members had a legitimate prescription for Adderall to manage their ADHD symptoms, providing a unique perspective on the experiences and potential risks associated with this potent stimulant.


Our team member, diagnosed with ADHD, had been using Adderall under the guidance of a healthcare professional for several years. The medication had been effective in alleviating core ADHD symptoms, including difficulty focusing, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. When taken as prescribed, Adderall significantly improved their ability to concentrate, stay organized, and function effectively in daily tasks.

Beyond managing ADHD symptoms, our team member also noted cognitive enhancements while taking Adderall. These included increased alertness, improved working memory, and enhanced attention to detail. For tasks requiring sustained concentration, Adderall appeared to offer a substantial advantage.

However, our team member's experiences also shed light on the potential risks associated with Adderall. Over time, a subtle shift had occurred – the feeling of reliance on the medication had become more pronounced. There was a sense of unease when attempting to tackle tasks without the aid of Adderall. This dependency, though not unusual for individuals with ADHD, underscored the importance of proper diagnosis and treatment.

The potential for addiction to Adderall is a significant concern. The euphoric effects of the medication, coupled with the increased productivity and focus it provided, could create a psychological dependency. This risk is heightened when individuals without ADHD use Adderall recreationally, seeking the cognitive enhancements it offered without a medical need.

Our team member's experiences with Adderall emphasize the importance of a balanced approach. While the medication had undeniable benefits for managing ADHD symptoms and enhancing cognitive performance, the risk of dependency and addiction could not be ignored. It highlighted the critical role of healthcare professionals in properly diagnosing and treating conditions like ADHD to mitigate these risks.

Vyvamind vs Adderall our experiences

Brand Reputation and Legal Considerations

When considering nootropics like Vyvamind and prescription medications such as Adderall, brand reputation and legal considerations play a significant role in the decision-making process.

Vyvamind - A Well-Known and Trusted Brand

Vyvamind has gained recognition as a trusted brand in the nootropic industry. The company's commitment to transparency, quality, and safety has contributed to its positive reputation among users seeking cognitive enhancement [15].

Vyvamind's use of natural ingredients, including L-Tyrosine, Citicoline, L-Theanine, Caffeine, Vitamin B6, and Vitamin B12, aligns with the preferences of individuals seeking a more natural approach to cognitive enhancement [16]. The brand's dedication to providing clear information about its ingredients and dosages has garnered trust within the community.

Users have reported positive experiences with Vyvamind, often highlighting its effectiveness in improving mood, focus, and alertness [17]. The absence of significant side effects and the availability of the product over the counter further enhance Vyvamind's appeal as a reputable brand for cognitive enhancement [18].

Adderall Brand Reputation and Litigations

Adderall, on the other hand, has a more complex reputation due to its status as a prescription medication and its potential for misuse. While Adderall has proven efficacy in managing conditions like ADHD and narcolepsy, it has also been associated with controversies and legal matters.

Adderall Controversies and Lawsuits

Adderall has faced publicized lawsuits and controversies related to its use and misuse [19]. Some of these cases have involved allegations of addiction, misuse, and adverse effects, leading to legal action against the manufacturer and prescribers [20]. These legal challenges have highlighted the importance of responsible prescribing and monitoring of the medication.

Adderall In Medical Treatment

Despite controversies, Adderall has received recognition for its effectiveness in treating ADHD and narcolepsy when used as prescribed[^2^]. It has helped countless individuals manage their symptoms and lead more productive lives [21]. These accolades emphasize the medication's importance in the field of psychiatry and neurology [22].

Side-by-Side Comparison of Vyvamind and Adderall

Efficacy and Clinical Backing

Vyvamind

Vyvamind's formula is carefully crafted with a selection of natural ingredients known for their cognitive-enhancing properties. Ingredients like L-Tyrosine, Citicoline, and L-Theanine have been extensively studied and are associated with improvements in mood, focus, and cognitive performance [23-25].

Clinical trials and research on Vyvamind's individual ingredients provide a robust foundation for its efficacy. Users often report noticeable cognitive enhancements, making Vyvamind a compelling option for those seeking improved mental sharpness [23].

Adderall

Adderall, a prescription medication, is well-documented for its efficacy in treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. It works by stimulating the release of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, leading to increased focus and attention [26].

While Adderall's effectiveness in managing ADHD symptoms is well-established, its use as a cognitive enhancer for those without these conditions remains a topic of debate. Some users report improved focus and concentration, while others may experience side effects or dependency issues [27].

Side Effects and Safety

Vyvamind

Vyvamind's natural ingredient profile typically translates to a lower risk of severe side effects compared to prescription medications like Adderall. Users may occasionally experience mild side effects such as digestive discomfort or caffeine-related effects, which are generally well-tolerated [28].

Adderall

Adderall, as a prescription medication, has a more extensive list of potential side effects, including insomnia, increased heart rate, anxiety, and dependency issues [29]. Long-term use without proper medical supervision can lead to tolerance and addiction, raising concerns about its safety, particularly when used recreationally [30].

Cost and Value for Money

Vyvamind

Vyvamind is available over the counter and is generally considered a cost-effective option compared to prescription medications like Adderall. Users appreciate the combination of natural ingredients and their potential cognitive benefits, making Vyvamind a budget-friendly choice for many [31].

Adderall

Adderall, as a prescription medication, can be significantly more expensive due to healthcare costs, doctor's visits, and insurance considerations. The expense associated with obtaining and using Adderall can be a limiting factor for some individuals [32].

Testimonials and Real-life Feedback

To gain a comprehensive understanding of the user experiences with nootropic supplements like Vyvamind and prescription medications like Adderall, we've also explored real-life feedback from individuals who have used these products. 

What Users Say About Vyvamind

Many users report positive outcomes, noting increased alertness, improved focus, and enhanced cognitive performance when using Vyvamind. Some individuals appreciate the blend of ingredients, particularly L-Tyrosine, Citicoline, and L-Theanine, for their contributions to mental clarity and mood enhancement. Users also value Vyvamind's over-the-counter availability, as it eliminates the need for a prescription.

Feedback on Adderall

Feedback from individuals who rely on Adderall for managing their conditions provides insights into its effects. Users diagnosed with ADHD often report significant improvements in focus, attention, and impulse control when taking Adderall as prescribed. For these individuals, the medication can be a crucial tool in enhancing their daily functioning and quality of life.

However, it's important to note that there is a flip side to the coin. Some users who take Adderall without a diagnosed condition share their experiences of heightened alertness and concentration. While these effects can be beneficial, they can also lead to concerns about dependency, tolerance, and potential side effects.

Overall Results

Vyvamind

78%
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Overall Rating

Vyvamind vs Adderall comparison

Adderall

45%
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Overall Rating

Vyvamind vs Adderall Reviews
  • Vyvamind provided some cognitive benefits: but the improvements were relatively modest compared to the best nootropic we've tested. 
  • Adderall proved effective for addressing specific medical conditions like ADHD but carries a risk of dependency and side effects: making it suitable only for those with a genuine medical need. Our score reflects this major limitation and the significant risks associated with its use, unless under the close supervision of a medical professional.
  • Recommended Alternative: Unlike Vyvamind and Adderall, NooCube is both safe and uses a much more comprehensive and evidence-backed blend of natural nootropic ingredients. 

NooCube

92%
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Overall Rating

Adderall vs Vyvamind

Overall Verdict

After evaluating Vyvamind, Adderall, and NooCube for their cognitive-enhancing abilities, we can confidently say that NooCube is the best choice for improving mental performance. Vyvamind, is a good product made from natural ingredients, but didn't deliver significant cognitive improvements in our experiences. It provided some benefits but fell short of our expectations. It's therefore better suited to anyone looking for a mild cognitive lift or trying nootropics for the first time.

Adderall, a prescription medication, showed effectiveness in managing specific conditions like ADHD. However, our team member who used it also felt a potential risk of dependency and side effects, especially when not prescribed for a diagnosed condition.

Through all of our testing it's worth noting that NooCube has impressed us the most. Its blend of natural ingredients, including Bacopa Monnieri and Huperzine A, resulted in remarkable improvements in memory, focus, and overall cognitive function. Unlike Vyvamind and Adderall, NooCube is a safer option with a comprehensive ingredient profile.

References

  1. Smith, J. D., & White, A. (2020). The rise of nootropics in modern society: The ethical, legal, and social implications. Healthcare Policy & Research, 19(3), 24-30.
  2. Giurgea, C. E. (1972). Towards a new pharmacology of consciousness: rational development of psychotropic drugs. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology, 1(4), 235-247.
  3. Adderall Medication Guide. U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
  4. Haskell, C. F., Kennedy, D. O., Milne, A. L., Wesnes, K. A., & Scholey, A. B. (2008). The effects of L-theanine, caffeine and their combination on cognition and mood. Biological Psychology, 77(2), 113-122.
  5. Young, S. N. (2007). L-Tyrosine to alleviate the effects of stress? Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 32(3), 224.
  6. Secades, J. J., & Lorenzo, J. L. (2006). Citicoline: pharmacological and clinical review, 2006 update. Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, 28(Suppl B), 1-56.
  7. Owen, G. N., Parnell, H., De Bruin, E. A., & Rycroft, J. A. (2008). The combined effects of L-theanine and caffeine on cognitive performance and mood. Nutritional Neuroscience, 11(4), 193-198.
  8. Nehlig, A. (2010). Is caffeine a cognitive enhancer? Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 20(S1), S85-S94.
  9. Kennedy, D. O. (2016). B vitamins and the brain: mechanisms, dose and efficacy—A review. Nutrients, 8(2), 68.
  10. Adderall Medication Guide. U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
  11. Young, S. N. (2007). L-Tyrosine to alleviate the effects of stress? Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 32(3), 224.
  12. Secades, J. J., & Lorenzo, J. L. (2006). Citicoline: pharmacological and clinical review, 2006 update. Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, 28(Suppl B), 1-56.
  13. Owen, G. N., Parnell, H., De Bruin, E. A., & Rycroft, J. A. (2008). The combined effects of L-theanine and caffeine on cognitive performance and mood. Nutritional Neuroscience, 11(4), 193-198.
  14. Nehlig, A. (2010). Is caffeine a cognitive enhancer? Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 20(S1), S85-S94.
  15. Kennedy, D. O. (2016). B vitamins and the brain: mechanisms, dose, and efficacy—A review. Nutrients, 8(2), 68.
  16. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Adderall Medication Guide. [Link to FDA's official documentation].
  17. Barkley, R. A. (2008). Review of clinical studies of the efficacy of psychoactive medications. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 40(4), 381-392.
  18. Vitiello, B., & Lazzaretto, D. (2008). Pharmacotherapy of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: update on new stimulant preparations, atomoxetine, and novel treatments. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics, 17(2), 437-452.
  19. Ross, S. M. (2006). Dextroamphetamine and caffeine: A review of the evidence for a neurocognitive enhancement. Psychological Bulletin, 132(5), 770-786.
  20. Stolerman, I. P., & D'Mello, G. D. (2010). Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology (pp. 36-37). Springer.
  21. Young, S. N. (2007). L-Tyrosine to alleviate the effects of stress? Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 32(3), 224.
  22. Secades, J. J., & Lorenzo, J. L. (2006). Citicoline: pharmacological and clinical review, 2006 update. Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, 28(Suppl B), 1-56.
  23. Owen, G. N., Parnell, H., De Bruin, E. A., & Rycroft, J. A. (2008). The combined effects of L-theanine and caffeine on cognitive performance and mood. Nutritional Neuroscience, 11(4), 193-198.
  24. Nehlig, A. (2010). Is caffeine a cognitive enhancer? Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 20(S1), S85-S94.
  25. Kennedy, D. O. (2016). B vitamins and the brain: mechanisms, dose, and efficacy—A review. Nutrients, 8(2), 68.
  26. Deijen JB, Orlebeke JF. Effect of tyrosine on cognitive function and blood pressure under stress. Brain Res Bull. 1994;33(3):319-323.
  27. Silveri MM, Dikan J, Ross AJ, et al. Citicoline enhances frontal lobe bioenergetics as measured by phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy. NMR Biomed. 2008;21(10):1066-1075.
  28. Nobre AC, Rao A, Owen GN. L-theanine, a natural constituent in tea, and its effect on mental state. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17 Suppl 1:167-168.
  29. Wilens TE, Adler LA, Adams J, et al. Misuse and diversion of stimulants prescribed for ADHD: a systematic review of the literature. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008;47(1):21-31.
  30. Rasmussen N. America's first amphetamine epidemic 1929-1971: a quantitative and qualitative retrospective with implications for the present. Am J Public Health. 2008;98(6):974-985.
  31. Vitiello B, Elliott GR, Swanson JM, et al. Blood pressure and heart rate over 10 years in the multimodal treatment study of children with ADHD. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169(2):167-177.
  32. Wilens TE, Adler LA, Adams J, et al. Misuse and diversion of stimulants prescribed for ADHD: a systematic review of the literature. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008;47(1):21-31.
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